Kāraka (Syntax)

What is the meaning of Kāraka?

•       ‘Vibhattīnamatthabhedā’

•       ‘Kriyāsidyupakārakaṃ kārakaṃ’

                                Something assists to action is called ‘Kāraka’

Ex:    Naro gāmaṃ gacchati      , Vānaro phalaṃ khādati, Rājā ratthaṃ pāleti

The cases in Pāli language
‘Vibhatti’

1.Paṭhamā  –            Nominative - case

2. Ālapana  –           Vocative –case

3. Dutiyā  –             Accusative –case

4. Tatiyā                   –Instrumental –case

5. Catutthi   –           Dative case

6. Pañcami  –           Ablative case

7. Chaṭṭhi                  –             Possessive –case

8. Sattami    –           Locative -case

Akāraka Vibhatti
(non-syntax)

•       Among the above mentioned cases’

•       Paṭhamā and Chaṭṭhi recognized as ‘Akāraka’.

•       Paṭhamā is the subject or the agent of a sentence.

Ex;   Buddho dhammaṃ deseti., Bhikkhu piṇḍāya carati., Sārathi rathaṃ nayati.

•       Chatthi doesn’t strong action in a sentence.

Ex; Coro narassa bhaṇḍam coreti.

•         

Dutiya Kāraka
(Accusative)

•       ‘Kammatthe dutiyā’

•       Accusative case provides the meaning of ‘Dutiyā’.

Ex; Puriso rukkham chindati.

Divisions of Dutiyā karaka

•       There are three divisions; , Nibbatti – it produces new thing.

Ex; Mata puttam vijāyati. , Vaḍḍhakī gehaṃ māpeti., Vikati – it deforms something.

Ex; Kumbhakāro ghaṭam bhindati., Vanitā Kaṭṭham aṅgāram karoti., Sūdo mamsam pacati.

Apti – it receives something.

Ex; Manusso geham pavisati., Dārako rūpam passati.

Dutiyā in meaning of Chaṭṭhi

•       Antarā- Antarā ca rājagahaṃ antarā ca nāḷandaṃ. 

•       Abhito - Abhito gāmaṃ vasati.

•       Parito - Parito gāmam vasati.

•       Pati - Nadiṃ nerañjaraṃ pati.

•       Paṭibhātiyoge - Paṭibhantu taṃ cunda bojjhaṅgā, Upamā maṃ paṭibhāti.

With some prefixes

•       Upa – Gāmaṃ  upavasati, 

•       Anu - Gāmaṃ  anuvasati,

•       Adhi - Vihāraṃ  adhivasati,

•       Karaṇe Tatiyā
(Tatiya in the meaning of instrumental)

Ex; Dārako hatthena likhati., Manusso maggena gacchati., Seṭṭhi rathena gacchati.

                Suddha Kattu (Pure agent)

                Ex; Devadatto gantum samattho., Hetu kattu (Causative instrument)

Ex; Purisena devadatto gamayati.

Aṅgavikāro
(deformity of the body)

•       Ex; Akkhinā kāṇo. Hatthena kuṇī. Pādena khañjo. , Piṭṭhiyā khujjo.

•       Visesane ca – (in comparison)

Ex; Gottena gotamo nātho. , Sāriputtoti nāmena, vissuto paññavā ca so;

Jātiyā khattiyo buddho, loke ppaṭipuggalo., Tadahu pabbajito santo, jātiyā sattavassiko;

Sampadāne catutthi
Catutthi to mean the receiving

•       Ex; Dāyako bhikkhussa dānaṃ dadāti.

In respect 

•       Namo –

Ex; Namo  te  buddha  vīratthu,  namo  karohi  nāgassa,  namatthu buddhānaṃ, namatthu bodhiyā.

•       Sotthi ;

Ex; Sotthi pajānaṃ., Svagata -  Ex; Svāgataṃ te mahārāja, atho te adurāgataṃ.

Apādāne pañcami
(Ablative in removing)

Ex; Vānaro rukkhamhā patati., Bhikkhu vihāramhā nikkhamati.

•       Its two kinds of division

•       Cala – apadāna (moving ablative)

Ex; Manusso rathamhā patati., dhāvatā hatthimhā patito aṅkusadhārī.

•       Acala – apadāna (unmoving ablative)

•       Ex; Munayo pabbatamhā patanti., Pabbatā otaranti vanacarā.

Special usages

•       Bhaya; (fear)

Ex; corā  bhayaṃ  jāyati.

Hetu; (cause)

Ex; Taṇhāya jāyatī bhayaṃ, Pāpato uttasati.

•       With some special verbal roots.

                                Para + Ji

Ex; Buddhasmā parājenti aññatitthiyā. Kāmato  jāyatī  soko,

yasmā so jāyate gini, urasmā jāto putto, kammato jātaṃ indriyaṃ.

•       Ārati; (In usage of abstinence).

•       Ex; Aasaddhammaṃ ārati, virati pāpā, pāṇātipātā veramaṇī, adinnādānā paṭivirato, appaṭivirato musāvādā.

•        Suddhatthappayoge (purity)

Ex; lobhanīyehi dhammehi suddho asamsaṭṭho, mātito ca pitito ca suddho anupakkuṭṭho agarahito.

Sāmismiṃ chaṭṭhi
(Chaṭṭhi to mean the possession)

•       Ex; Rukkhassa chāyā., Gehassa dvāraṃ. , Seṭṭhissa dhanaṃ.

Okāse sattami
(Sattami in meaning of space)

Ex; Manusso gāme vasati., Sakuno rukkhe nisīdati.. Devā sagge vasanti.

Anādare.
(disregarding)

•       Chatthi;

•       Ex; Akāmakānaṃ  mātāpitunaṃ  rudantānaṃ pabbaji.

Sattami:

Ex; Mātāpitusu rudantesu pabbaji.

 Kammatthe; (in the meaning of Dutiya)

Ex; Bhikkhusu abhivādenti, muddhani cumbitvā, purisassa bāhāsu gahetvā.

•        Karaṇatthe; (in the meaning of Karaṇa).

•       Ex; Hatthesu piṇḍāya caranti, pattesu piṇḍāya caranti, pathesu gacchanti, sopi maṃ anusāseyya,

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