9:34 AM
mr.vam
1 
Preface
Respectfully
I would like to be Grateful to my teacher P.M. Pornchai Sirivaro, Dr, who gives
me a duty to write this “ The relationship between sila and Samadhi ”
assignment which basic on “Visuddhimagga” subject, he guide us to work properly
with our own writing function in order to improve our knowledge in English as
well as his encouraging is to know the significant of Buddhist concepts of sila
and samadhi and I would like to thanks
all M.C.U teacher who are always give kindliness such as their own children to
the monks students when their teaching time.so that I really deeply acknowledge
of their compassion and loving kindness to us especially to our “ Visudhimagga ”
teacher.
2.
Introduction
The study of
visudhimagga, is very valuable for me because I understood more clearly the
analysis of sila , smadhi and panna which
have meaningful explanation. The topic I am going to explain the
relationship between sila and Samadhi which make me more interesting in
visudimaga. The Visuddhimagga contains the longest sustained analysis of
.sila to be found within the Small Vehicle. It is divided into three parts,
one each devoted to morality (.stla), meditation (samddhi), and
wisdom (pannd),and lord of Buddhagosa explained that..
“When a wise
man, established well in virtue, Develops consciousness and understanding, Then
as a bhikkhu ardent and sagacious He succeeds in disentangling this tangle” [1]
Pg.64
The
mind is important to realize on sila, samdhi and panna which all lead by
process consciousness to improve internal knowledge for each person. Among
those three, at the bagging of two will be main topic explanation that
typically, nature of sila , sila in
social life and sila in mind development in Buddhist way of life so let see how
much valuable this two.
The
Relationship Between Sila(virtue) And Samadhi(concentration)
In
Visudhimagga, Sila is fulfills the
practice of the duties basically no
killing, no stalling, no drinking, no mix-sexual conduct, no telling lying, no
abusive speech, no slanderous speech, non-covetousness, non-malevolence and keep right views . Thus ten perfection of
practicing are the main Buddhist teachings. Those sila are basic on nature
Dhamma such as five precepts that is why we can also know as nature of virtue.
The Pali word for
morality is sila and looking at the Eightfold Path shows that it is the
foundation of the main Buddhist path of practice. Sila is a form of action and
involves an act of will, intention or volition which occurs in three ways:
body, speech and mind - often referred to as the three doors of action.
Generally
There are two mean different kind of silas known as carita sila and varita sila
. Sila is morality and right conduct
which comprises three stages along the eightfold path, right speech, right action
and right livelihood. Those are clearly mention on practicing sila however, in
Visudhimagga has explained many kinds of sila (virtue). Namely
1. Firstly
all this virtue is of one kind by reason of its own characteristic of composing.
2. It
is of two kinds as keeping and avoiding.
3. Likewise as that of good behaviour and that of
the beginning of the life of purity,
4. As
abstinence and non-abstinence,
5. As
dependent and independent,
6. As
temporary and lifelong,
7. As
limited and unlimited,
8. As
mundane and super mundane.
9. It
is of three kinds as inferior, medium, and superior.
10. Likewise as giving precedence to self, giving
precedence to the world, and giving precedence to the Dhamma,
11. As adhered to, not adhered to, and
tranquillized.
12. As purified, unpurified, and dubious.
13. As that of the trainer, that of the
non-trainer, and that of the neither- trainer nor- non-trainer.
14. It is of four kinds as partaking of
diminution, of stagnation, of distinction, of penetration.
15. Likewise as that of bhikkhus, of bhikkhunìs,
of the not-fully-admitted, of the laity,
16. As natural, customary, necessary, due to
previous causes,
17. As virtue of Pátimokkha restraint, of
restraint of sense faculties, of Purification of livelihood, and that
concerning requisites.
18. It is of five kinds as virtue consisting in
limited purification,[2]
pg.72
According
to visudhimgga , sila refer to Samvara (restraint) which link
to patimokkha (rule), sati (mindfulness) , nana (knowledge), khanati (
patience) and viriya (effort) that are
result as a benefit of sila (virtue). Here I need to talk about paitimokkha a little bit more because Buddhaghosa list 227
rules of monastic codes as virtue. As we all know these 227 rules order to
follow for Theravada Buddhist monks but also it is like morality in daily monkhood‘s
life that is why I think he accounted this monks rule as virtue.
Applying
this foundation of sila is composing to The characteristic ( lakkhana) which
explained as the co-ordination of bodily actions. These characteristic is the
identifying feature of sila in all its manifestations regardless of what
categories it may be analyzed into sila. There are two main functions too,
which are morality and immorality and also known as dussila or sampattisila. I am
giving analysis these two kind of sila , in parli team in dussila( immoral
which support to reach social problems in or daily life. However, on the others
hand smapattisila (moral) including hiri (self-influence) it has the
characteristic of respectful obedience and ottappa (influence by world). This
sila has given solution of social problem because it has emphasis placed upon
hiri and ottappa as the consequences of failure in morality. Therefore Buddhaghosa
explained ..
“Furthermore, a
bhikkhu is respectful; deferential; possessed of conscience and shame; wears
his inner robe properly; wears his upper robe properly; his manner inspires
confidence whether in moving forwards or backwards, looking ahead or aside,
bending or stretching; his eyes are downcast; he has (a good) deportment; he
guards the doors of his sense faculties; knows the right measure in eating; is
devoted to wakefulness; possesses mindfulness and full awareness; wants little;
is contented; is strenuous; is a careful observer of good behaviour; and treats
the teachers with great respect.” [3]
So,
the Buddhist monks’ monastic rules are involving into hiri and ottappa such as
227 patimonkkha and 75 sekhiya dhamma for Buddhist monks in practicing sila
(vitues). There is on doubt, if someone who practices sila, can does
automatically improve his mind from Buddhist concepts.
In
deep, the explanation of sila in visuddhimagga, is very wide but thus i given bereft short
concept regarding sila (virtue).
4. Samdhi
( concentration)
According
to visuddhimagga, Samadhi obtain to wisdom, which is traditionally developed by
contemplating one of 40 different objects which are mentioned throughout in
pali cannon. Nature of sila comes from mediation which has two kind of Samadhi
known as insight concentration and outside concentration. Insight concentration
can realize by mediation but outside concentration like can observe anything
what we have intention in metrical events.
There
are many types of Samadhi in Buddha teaching namely, samprajana Samadhi or upacara Samadhi (access
concentration), asamprajata Samadhi or appana Samadhi (absorption
concentration, khanika Samadhi (deep concentration). Those are all mentioned to
contemplate focus on body and mind only. For example, if we focus on kanika
Samadhi we need to intent to contemplate body only but if we concentrate
upacara and appana Samadhi we need to focus on mind. It is the way
contemplating to get concentration.
Especially
in visuddhimagga , Buddhaghosa explained more wildly mindfulness of breathing
and loving-kindness from those among 40 objects as insight concentration in
Buddhist meditations. The main factor of
concentration basic on breathes in and breathes out. And it is only afterwards
that everyone should apply himself to the arousing of knowledge and
concentration.
However, from metta bavana concept,
there are only three observe to improve mind stages. It is as below.
1. parikamma samadhi – preliminary concentration
2. upacara samadhi – access concentration
3. appana samadhi – fixed concentration[4]
In
visudhimagga , there has also give very
important explanation basic on loving-kindness in order to get concentration that is truly buddhaghosa mentioned..
“The meaning is
this: “Bhikkhu, when this basic concentration has been developed by you by
means of loving-kindness, then, instead of resting content with just that much,
you should make this basic concentration reach quadruple and quintuple jhána in
other objects by [further] developing it in the way beginning ‘With applied
thought”[5]
Verse
. 116.
Therefore, the foundermental of
anpana sati (breathe in, out) and loving-kindness (metta) is mentioned with
contemplating to get concentration.
In the concept of philosophical
point of views, Samadhi can be present in unwholesome states of consciousness
as well as in wholesome a neutral states. In its unwholesome forms it is called
wrong concentration (micchasamadhi), in its wholesome forms right concentration
(sammasamadhi). For example, I have concentrate to take money from others
pocket while he turn round. It is a wrong concentration. But if someone contemplates
to get samgadhi on meditation it is called right concentration. To practice
mind development whosoever need to observe wholesome states which can lead
right concentration.
1. The
relationship between sila and smadhi
There is no right concentration
Without sila, basic on sila , three things follow sila (virtue), Samadhi (concentration)
and panna (wisdom). Therefore, samdhi depen on sila. And also sila and Samadhi
they are linking each other like padhicasmupada (dependent originations) however,
without sila we can get concentration but these concentration is apart from Buddhist
such as Hinduism concept of smadhi. To gain right we need sila according to
Buddhism that is why following by sila then go next step samdhi and reach to
wisdom.
I notice one thing that moral
impurity and physical impurity also involve on concentration however in sila
there is not such kind of concepts. Because in virtue, if we did wrong we
cannot call wrong virtue also there is not concept for wring virtue. It is only
called immoral which relative to murder, stall, and drink alcohol, sexual misconduct
and lying. On This two Dhammas , sila is coming first and smadhi follow to gain
panna (wisdom). In Buddhist mediation
Conclusion
The explanation of sila and smadhi
in visudhimagga , is very deep and wide but if we look at the meaning of virtue
and concentration in generally we can see easily and understand as soon as we
heard and look . However, the way we understood that will not be enough to
realize what visuddhimagga explained really is.
Exactly, the concept of sila and smadhi
guide to reach the wisdom of ultimate knowledge of Buddha teaching . That
knowledge will be gained by sila and smadhi practicing insight mediation. That
is why the Buddha said:
“Truly,
from meditation arises wisdom. Without meditation wisdom wanes. Knowing this
twofold path of gain and loss, let one so conduct oneself that wisdom may
increase.” [6]
(Dhammapada
v.282)
Therefore, the bsast way to attain
enlightenment or nibbana is the
meditation according with visudhimagga teaching. If I conclude that in Buddhism, these sila and Samadhi are
very essential to know and realize for everyone as main teaching of Buddha only
then we will understand more what Buddha thought really is in meaning of life
to own valuable life as visitor of the temporarily world.
References
1. The
Path of Purification, Buddhagosa, part
1, virtue, pg.64.
2. . The path of
purification , Buddhagosa, part 1,
virtue, Pg.72
3. Visuddhimagga in verse 48
5. Visudhimagga verse 116.
5
Khudaka nikkaya, Dhammapada v.282
6
Buddhism
and sciences, P.A. Payouto, too little,
[1]
The Path of Purification, Buddhagosa,
part 1, virtue, pg.64.
[3]
Visuddhimagga in verse 48
[4]
Metta bavana, venerable sujiva, http://www.buddhanet.net/mettac3.htm,
view-13/3/2013
[6]
Khudaka nikkaya, Dhammapada
v.282
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